Abstract
Background: Hypertension, obesity, smoking, alcohol consumption, and family history are among the key risk factors contributing to various chronic health conditions. These factors have been extensively studied due to their profound impact on individual health outcomes and their contribution to the global burden of disease. This study aimed to quantify the impact of alcohol, family history, smoking, physical activity, and obesity on the risk of hypertension in adults.
Subjects and Method: A meta-analysis was carried out using PICO model. Population= adults. Intervention= alcohol consumption, family history of hypertension, smoking, high physical activity, and obesity. Comparison= no alcohol consumption, absence of family history of hypertension, non smoking, low physical activity, and normal weight. Outcome= hypertension. PubMed, Dovepress, and Scopus were electronic databases utilized to search for primary studies published between 2013 and 2023. The search employed keywords such as: (determinant OR prevalence) AND (hypertension OR "blood pressure") AND adult. The effect size was calculated using the adjusted Odds Ratio obtained through the RevMan 5.3.
Results: A meta-analysis was conducted on 17 primary studies employing a cross-sectional studies from Ethiopia. Total sample was 22,260 adults. The risk of hypertension increased with alcohol consumption (aOR= 1.56; 95% CI= 1.31 to 1.86; p <0.001), smoking (aOR=1.78; 95% CI= 1.32 to 2.41; p= 0.002), obesity (aOR= 2.17; 95% CI= 1.60 to 2.96; p<0.001), and having family history with hypertension (aOR= 1.93; 95% CI= 1.61 to 2.33; p= 0.290). The risk of hypertension decreased with high physical activity (aOR= 0.80; 95% CI=0.69 to 0.92; p=0.002).
Conclusion: The risk of hypertension increases with alcohol consumption, smoking, obesity, and having family history with hypertension. It decreases with high physical activity.
Keywords: hypertension, alcohol consumption, smoking, family history of hypertension, adults
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