Abstract
Background: The prevalence of depression among elderly individuals is a significant mental health concern, with potential implications for their overall well-being and quality of life. Understanding the factors associated with depression, such as smoking, is crucial for effective intervention. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of depression and its relationship with smoking among elderly individuals in Indonesia.
Subjects and Method: A cross-sectional, national survey was conducted using data from the fifth wave of the Indonesian Family Life Survey (IFLS-5) wave 5 (2014). The total sample was 2,927 elderly aged 60 to 94 years old. The dependent variable was depression. The independent variables were smoking, age, sex, employment, marital status, health status, physical activity, and sleep quality. The data were analyzed using a multiple linear regression run on Stata 13.
Results: The prevalence of depression among elderly individuals was 24.01%. However, the prevalence of smoking was even higher at 26.23% among those who were depressed. Female (b= 0.41; 95% CI= -0.075 to 0.89; p= 0.097), current smokers (b= 0.56; 95% CI= 0.12 to 1.06; p= 0.013), unhealthy people (b= 0.56; 95% CI= 0.33 to 0.80; p< 0.001), had two or more comorbidities (b= 1.06; 95% CI= 0.64 to 1.49; p< 0.001), high physical activity (b= 0.44; 95% CI= 0.24 to 0.63; p< 0.001), and poor sleep quality increased the risk of depression (b= 0.28; 95% CI= 0.25 to 0.31; p< 0.001). Older age reduced the risk of depression (b=-0.04; 95% CI= -0.07 to -0.02; p<0.001). Married (b= -0.01; 95% CI= -0.38 to 0.37; p= 0.973) and unemployed (b= -0.26; 95% CI= -0.61 to 0.08; p= 0.138) were negatively associated with depression, but they were not statistically significant.
Conclusion: Females, current smokers, unhealthy people had two or more comorbidities, high physical activity, and poor sleep quality increase the risk of depression. Older age reduces the risk of depression. Married and unemployed are negatively associated with depression, but they are not statistically significant.
Keywords: Depression, smoking, elderly, IFLS-5, Indonesia.
Article Data
References
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