Individual, Social, and Environmental Risk Factors of Malaria in Rote Ndao District, East Nusa Tenggara

Abstract

Background: Malaria is one of the world's biggest killers. Studies into indi�vi�dual, social, and environmental risk factors of malaria in East Nusa Teng�gara, In�do�nesia, are absent. This study aimed to investigate the individual, social, and environ�mental risk factors of malaria in East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia.

Subjects and Method: This was a cross-sectional study conducted at Pus�kes�mas Feapopi, Rote Ndao district, East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia, from De�cem��ber 2015 to February 2016. A total sample of 310 subjects was selected for this study by multi stage random sampling. The dependent variable was malaria. The indepen�dent variables were mosquito repellent use, hanging out of the house in the evening, distance to a breeding place, type of house wall, distance to a stable, and health education on malaria. The data were collected by ques�tion�naire, interview, and observation. Malaria was diagnosed microscopically. The data were analyzed by a multiple logistic regression.

Results: The risk of malaria increased with absence of mosquito repellent use (OR= 4.61; 95% CI= 1.75 to 12.16; p= 0.002), hanging out of the house in the evening (OR= 5.67; 95% CI= 2.32 to 13.82; p<0.001), close to a breeding place (OR= 3.54; 95% CI= 1.50 to 8.33; p= 0.004), semi-permanent house wall (OR= 8.13; 95% CI= 2.99 to 22.07; p<0.001), far from a stable (OR= 0.08; 95% CI= 0.03 to 0.23; p<0.001), and health education on malaria (OR= 0.06; 95% CI= 0.03 to 0.14; p<0.001).

Conclusion: The risk of malaria increases with absence of mosquito repellent use, hanging out of the house in the evening, close to a breeding place, semi-per�ma���nent house wall, far from a stable, and health education on malaria.